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Documentary evidence under BSA 2023

Documentary Evidence Under BSA 2023 (Sections 56–66): Meaning, Types, and Admissibility Rules

Introduction The law of evidence recognizes that in any judicial proceeding, documents and electronic records can provide powerful proof. However, not every document can be admitted easily. The Bharatiya Sakshya

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 10 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Sections 46–49 BSA 2023 Explained: Character Evidence in Criminal and Civil Cases

I. Introduction Character evidence is one of the most debated areas in the law of evidence. It plays a significant role in both civil and criminal proceedings, but its use

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 6 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Sections 39–45 BSA 2023 Explained: Relevancy of Opinions of Third Parties

Section 39 – Opinion as to Foreign Law 1. Statutory Provision (BSA 2023) Section 39 allows the opinion of persons specially skilled in foreign law to be relevant when the court

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Statements Made Under Special Circumstances (Sections 34–38, BSA 2023): Meaning, Rules, and Examples

Section 34 – Entries in Books of Account 1. Concept and Purpose Section 34 deals with entries in books of account, whether manual or electronic, made in the regular course of

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 6 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Dying Declaration Under Section 26 BSA 2023: Meaning, Rules, and Case Law

1. Meaning and Legal Foundation of Dying Declaration A dying declaration is a statement made by a person regarding the cause of their death or the circumstances surrounding the incident

Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 (BSA)

SECTION 25 – ADMISSIONS NOT CONCLUSIVE PROOF BUT MAY ESTOPPEL

1. Statutory Provision Section 25 of the BSA 2023 (analogous to Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) states: “Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but

Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 4 min read

Section 24 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

SECTION 24 – CONFESSION BY CO-ACCUSED

(Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)) 1. Introduction In criminal cases involving more than one accused, a common issue is whether a confession made by one accused can be

Tarun Sharma

2 Mar 2026 · 3 min read

SECTION 23 – CONFESSION TO POLICE OFFICER

1. Statutory Provision (BSA, 2023) Section 23 of the BSA states: (1) No confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

Tarun Sharma

25 Feb 2026 · 4 min read

Section 22 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Explained: Confession Caused by Inducement, Threat, or Promise

SECTION 22 – CONFESSION CAUSED BY INDUCEMENT, THREAT OR PROMI A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding if the making of the confession appears to

Tarun Sharma

24 Jan 2026 · 18 min read

General Principles III: Admissions and Confessions (Sections 15 to 21, BSA 2023) Part 2

This is Part 2; please refer to Part 1 for additional context. SECTION 19 – Admissions by Persons Whose Liability is Joint with That of a Party Bare Act Provision: Section

Tarun Sharma

18 Jan 2026 · 10 min read

Unnao Rape Case: A Legal Timeline and Analysis of the Delhi High Court Bail Order (2025)

The Unnao rape case occupies a distinct place in contemporary Indian criminal jurisprudence. It is not only remembered for the gravity of the offense and the identity of the accused

Tarun Sharma

29 Dec 2025 · 5 min read

GST 2.0 and GSTAT: How India Is Trying to Fix GST Litigation

GST 2.0 does not mean a new tax law or new tax rates. It refers to India’s effort to fix structural problems in GST compliance, adjudication, and dispute

Tarun Sharma

22 Dec 2025 · 6 min read

New Labour Codes 2025: A Complete Legal Explanation of India’s Four Labour Codes

India’s labour law framework has historically been complex, fragmented, and difficult to navigate. Employers were required to comply with multiple overlapping laws, while workers especially those outside the formal

Tarun Sharma

14 Dec 2025 · 7 min read

What Is RERA in India and How It Protects Homebuyers

Buying a home is one of the biggest decisions most families make. Yet for many years, builders had far more power than buyers. Projects were launched without proper approvals. Possession

Tarun Sharma

29 Nov 2025 · 6 min read

State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu (2025) and the November 2025 Constitution Bench Opinion: Complete Legal Analysis

When a Governor delays Bills passed by an elected Legislature, the question is not political but constitutional: Can a constitutional head stall the law-making process through inaction? This central issue

Tarun Sharma

22 Nov 2025 · 7 min read

Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act) 2025: Meaning, Scope, Compliance Duties and Impact on India’s Digital Ecosystem

Introduction India’s transition into a digitally interconnected economy has been rapid, and the volume of personal data flowing across platforms, devices, businesses, and government systems has multiplied dramatically. As

Tarun Sharma

20 Nov 2025 · 7 min read

Section 42 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC): Understanding Appeal Rights & Limitations

Section 42 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), occupies a distinctive place within the liquidation framework. While the Code is designed to function within strict procedural timelines, the

Tarun Sharma

16 Nov 2025 · 7 min read

Law College Attendance Rules in India: Understanding the Delhi High Court’s New Direction for Legal Education 2025

Why Attendance Rules in Law Colleges Became a National Issue For a long time, attendance rules in Indian law colleges were treated almost as rigid laws. Many institutions required law

Tarun Sharma

14 Nov 2025 · 7 min read