Lawsho

Electricity Bill Limitation: Supreme Court Rejects Rs 57.74 Lakh Demand

The Supreme Court rejected a nine-year-old additional-load demand. Here is what the ruling says about Section 56(2), billing history and other recovery remedies.

Tarun Sharma

13 Sep 2026 · 5 min read

Supreme Court Upholds NCTE Power to Require Annual PARs

The Supreme Court has upheld NCTE’s authority to require annual Performance Appraisal Reports from teacher-education institutions. This article explains the ruling, its statutory basis and its wider significance for regulatory law.

Tarun Sharma

13 Sep 2026 · 8 min read

5 Landmark Patent Law Cases in India Explained Simply

Explore five landmark patent law cases in India that shaped the rules on inventive step, biotechnology, pharmaceutical patents, compulsory licensing and patent infringement. Each case is explained in simple language with its facts, decision and legal importance.

Tarun Sharma

14 Jul 2026 · 8 min read

Compulsory Licensing in India: Meaning, Grounds, Procedure and Bayer v. Natco

Understand compulsory licensing under Indian patent law, including its meaning, grounds, application procedure, royalty conditions, emergency provisions, export of medicines, and termination.

Tarun Sharma

14 Jul 2026 · 16 min read

Rights and Obligations of a Patentee in India: Assignment, Licensing and Infringement

Understand the rights and obligations of a patentee under Indian patent law. This guide explains product and process patent rights, infringement remedies, patent limitations, renewal fees, Form 27, co-ownership, assignment, licensing.

Tarun Sharma

14 Jul 2026 · 15 min read

Patent Registration in India: Complete Process, Rules and Timeline

Learn how patent registration works in India, from identifying an invention and filing the correct application to publication, examination, opposition, and final grant. This guide also explains provisional and complete specifications.

Tarun Sharma

14 Jul 2026 · 14 min read

Types of Patents in India: Patent of Addition and Non-Patentable Inventions

PATENT IN ADDITION Introduction Invention is not a one-time event; it is often a process of gradual improvement. An inventor may first obtain a patent for a new product

Tarun Sharma

25 Apr 2026 · 11 min read

Patent Specification in India: Provisional, Complete and Essential Features

SPECIFICATIONS (PROVISIONAL & COMPLETE) Introduction A patent is granted not just because an inventor claims to have made a discovery. The law requires that the inventor fully disclose his invention

Tarun Sharma

25 Apr 2026 · 7 min read

Patent Law in India: Meaning, History, Objectives and Important Case Laws

CONCEPT OF PATENTS Introduction The idea of a patent is to provide legal protection to an inventor for his invention. An invention may be a product (like a new machine

Tarun Sharma

25 Apr 2026 · 5 min read

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Meaning, Types, Importance, WTO, TRIPS, WIPO and Indian Legal Framework

Every society rewards creativity and invention because they drive progress. Painters create art, engineers build machines, researchers invent medicines, and software developers write code. All of these results of the

Tarun Sharma

24 Apr 2026 · 16 min read

Documentary evidence under BSA 2023

Documentary Evidence Under BSA 2023 (Sections 56–66): Meaning, Types, and Admissibility Rules

Introduction The law of evidence recognizes that in any judicial proceeding, documents and electronic records can provide powerful proof. However, not every document can be admitted easily. The Bharatiya Sakshya

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 10 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Sections 46–49 BSA 2023 Explained: Character Evidence in Criminal and Civil Cases

I. Introduction Character evidence is one of the most debated areas in the law of evidence. It plays a significant role in both civil and criminal proceedings, but its use

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 6 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Sections 39–45 BSA 2023 Explained: Relevancy of Opinions of Third Parties

Section 39 – Opinion as to Foreign Law 1. Statutory Provision (BSA 2023) Section 39 allows the opinion of persons specially skilled in foreign law to be relevant when the court

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

Statements Made Under Special Circumstances (Sections 34–38, BSA 2023): Meaning, Rules, and Examples

Section 34 – Entries in Books of Account 1. Concept and Purpose Section 34 deals with entries in books of account, whether manual or electronic, made in the regular course of

Tarun Sharma

22 Mar 2026 · 6 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam

Dying Declaration Under Section 26 BSA 2023: Meaning, Rules, and Case Law

1. Meaning and Legal Foundation of Dying Declaration A dying declaration is a statement made by a person regarding the cause of their death or the circumstances surrounding the incident

Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 11 min read

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 (BSA)

SECTION 25 – ADMISSIONS NOT CONCLUSIVE PROOF BUT MAY ESTOPPEL

1. Statutory Provision Section 25 of the BSA 2023 (analogous to Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872) states: “Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted, but

Tarun Sharma

20 Mar 2026 · 4 min read

Section 24 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023

SECTION 24 – CONFESSION BY CO-ACCUSED

(Under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)) 1. Introduction In criminal cases involving more than one accused, a common issue is whether a confession made by one accused can be

Tarun Sharma

2 Mar 2026 · 3 min read

SECTION 23 – CONFESSION TO POLICE OFFICER

1. Statutory Provision (BSA, 2023) Section 23 of the BSA states: (1) No confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

Tarun Sharma

25 Feb 2026 · 4 min read